Knapp free essay sample

A review consists of an auditor performing analytical procedures and inquiries to provide a reasonable basis for obtaining limited assurance. In a review, the auditor does not give an opinion on the financial statements. He/she merely looks over the statements for any material misstatements or modifications that need to be made. Contrarily, in terms of the level of assurance, during an audit an auditor obtains a high level of assurance, expresses an opinion on accuracy and level of assurance, and tests for misstatements and the client’s internal controls. 2. The occurrence assertion is very important, especially in this case, to ensure that the financial statements of a company faithfully represent actual transactions, assets, and liabilities of the company. There were certain limitations of the evidence gathered by the procedures performed in the ZZZZ Best case with regard to the assertion of occurrence: a. Confirmations- The information obtained through George Greenspan’s confirmation seems invaluable to me based on the fact that the confirmation was only sent to Tom Padgett, especially since Tom Padgett was paid by Minkow to confirm contracts. Even though there was no way for Mr. Greenspan to know that Mr. Padgett was being paid off, I believe that he should have found more valuable information through his confirmations by sending them out to more than one person involved in the company. b. Analytical Procedures- According to the case, the analytical procedures Mr. Greenspan performed included: comparing ZZZZ Best’s key financial ratios with industry norms and inspecting key documents pertaining to the jobs contracted. Assuming that these are the only two procedures performed prior to audit planning, I do not think that there were enough analytical procedures performed to identify potential problem areas. There are five steps to be performed when completing analytical procedures: 1. Develop an expectation, 2. Define a significant difference, 3. Compare expectations with recorded amounts, 4. Investigate significant differences, and 5. Document steps. It appears that Mr. Greenspan did not complete all of the necessary procedures and should further his analytical inquiries on ZZZZ Best. A red flag that I noticed, and could have been investigated with appropriate analytical procedures, was the sudden jump in revenues. Under the develop an expectation step in analytical procedures, the auditors/engagement partner could have compared current year account balances to previous year balances (vertical and horizontal analysis) and noticed the rapid increase of revenue from 1984-1987, which would raise questions that might have lead to the discovery of the fraud earlier on. c. Visitation of Restoration Sites- It is hard to elaborate on the limitations of the physical visit to the restoration sites due to the fact that everyone who the auditors made contact with were paid off and part of Minkow’s scheme, and they had no way of knowing. However, I think, like Congressman Lent drew attention to, the auditors could have gathered and investigated the site for permits and questioned workers they came in contact with about what happened to the site for it to need repairs from damage. The auditors may have gotten different answers from different workers, raising a red flag. It also would have been beneficial to make a surprise visit instead of calling ahead. 3. The client receiving payments does not prove the existence of contracts. It may have appeared that ZZZZ Best received payments from customers on paper, but Mr. Greenspan probably should have more thoroughly followed up on those transactions by calling a â€Å"customer† to verify the transaction or looked at bank statements to see where different deposits came from. It seems especially important to pay close attention to receivables considering that there is a high risk associated with a receivables’ existence/occurrence. Seeing as how Minkow devised schemes with third parties, it would not be surprising if someone like Tom Padgett was also posing as a customer (another reason looking at deposits and account numbers would be beneficial). 4. The purpose of predecessor-successor audit communications is to reduce the risk of accepting a client with problems, and to determine whether or not to accept a potential client. The prospective/successor auditor is responsible for initiating contact with the predecessor auditor, as long as the audit client grants its approval to communications. The information that should be obtained from the predecessor auditor includes: information on management’s integrity, disagreements with management on accounting principles, fraud/illegal acts by the client, significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in internal controls, and reasons for the change in auditors (AU Section 315). 5. Yes, the confidentiality agreement that Minkow required Ernst Whinney to sign improperly limited the scope of the ZZZZ Best audit. The stipulation of the confidentiality agreement that stated â€Å"We will not make any follow-up telephone calls to any contractors, insurance companies, the building owner, or other individuals involved in the restoration contract† definitely restricts the auditors from performing certain procedures that are necessary. According to AS 5, â€Å"If there are restrictions on the scope of an engagement, the auditor should withdraw from the engagement or issue a disclaimer of opinion†. Auditors are responsible for gathering enough evidence to support an opinion on the financial statements, and Ernst Whinney should have used their professional judgment to notice that, with the stipulations in the agreement signed, there would not be enough evidence to satisfy the matter of sufficiency. 6. No procedures are required when reviewing a client’s pre-audit but post-year-end earnings press release.

Investigation Of International Financial -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Investigation Suitable Of International Financial? Answer: Introduction The issue that has been presented in the question is that the Singapore Accounting Standards Council (ASC) announced that the Singapore-incorporated companies would be moving to a amended reporting framework in regards to the recording of the financial particulars that is similar to International Financial Reporting Standards for the financial years starting from 1st January 2018. The adoption of the IFRS has become an important step in the accounting world. The adoption has continued to grow from the financial year of 2005. The factors enhancing the implementation of the IFRS revolve around the facts that these accounting principles improve the quality of the financial statements, enhances the reliability, relevance and the comparability of the financial statements (Albaskri, 2015). However, there are certain areas that should be considered in determining the worthiness of the International Financial Reporting Standards. The particular way in which the International Financial Reporting Standards are applied differ from one country to another. This is primarily because the different countries have different regulations that may be adhered to while preparing the financial statements of the company. Thus, the major drawback of the accounting regulatory principles lies in the fact that the suitability of the IFRS is poor resulting in the corrupted organizations exploiting the financial position of the company by not representing the true and fair view of the company (Altarawneh, 2015). The second aspect of the regulatory principles that affect the integrity of the International Financial Reporting Standards is revenue recognition. The current standard of the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles reflect that the costs associated with the transactions will only be realized when the services have been delivered in real or the money in regards to the transaction has been received. This particular regulation has resulted in some of the software companies to prepare the contracts in a way that carve out and upgrade the prices separately along with the other services whose value is difficult to ascertain. This enable the companies to resolve the accounting problems but result in the manipulation of the accounting standards that influence the way in which business is done rather than focusing on the performance of the company, that is the primary motive behind the preparation of the accounting statements. The limitations of the revenue recognition system in regards to the implementation of the International Financial Reporting Standards have resulted in the companies to increasingly utilize the corrupted and unethical practices for the purpose of reporting the financial performance of the company. The multinational companies and firms that share a worldwide reputation can evidently support this fact (Dhankar, Chakladerb Guptac, 2015). These firms have stated the fact that the compliance with the traditional accounting guidelines established by the International Financial Reporting Standards have resulted in the measurement and the recognition of the revenues and the expenses that have restricted the scope in the true and fair view of the representation of the financial statements of the respective companies. However, the global standard setting body has acknowledged this particular problem and has brought about a change in the International Financial Reporting Standards and Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. The new accounting regulations will permit the companies to bundle the services and goods pertaining to the future, into contracts for the recognition of the revenue in the particular financial year that it is earned by the utilization of the estimations in regards to the future costs and revenues. However, it should be noted here that this particular change would not be able to eliminate the problems, completely. The estimation of the costs requires the executives of the company to exercise their judgment. This opens up the opportunity for the managers to make errors or commit fraudulent activities like making fake inclination in the annual reports of the companies that represent closure towards the achievement of the financial targets of the companies (Hitz, Kaumanns Lehman n, 2016). The unofficial measures that have been undertaken by the corporate entities for the treatment of the unofficial earnings like the financial component of Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization. The drawbacks of the International Financial Reporting Standards have also resulted in the major discrepancies in the accounting statements of the respective organizations (K?l?a Uyarb, 2017). Another problem with the International Financial Reporting Standards is that the managers and the investors for the determination of the value of the assets of the firm do not properly utilize the fair value accounting principles. The fair value accounting standards also provide the required scope to the managers and other administrative executives of the firm to commit fraudulent activities like the understatement or the overstatement of the revenues or the losses for representing the desired image of the firm (K?l?a Uyarb, 2017). Therefore, it is evident that the principle-based financial statements are much more susceptible to fraud. However, the adoption of the new financial reporting framework by the Singapore-incorporated companies should aim to utilize the IFRS standards as the fundamental foundation for the establishment of the same (Samujh Devi, 2015). References Albaskri, I. K. (2015). The perception of accountants on IFRS adoption: Evidence from Libya (Doctoral dissertation, Universiti Utara Malaysia). Altarawneh, M. S. S. (2015). An Investigation into the Suitability of International Financial Reporting Standards for Small and Medium-sized Entities (IFRS for SMEs) in Jordan (Doctoral dissertation, Liverpool John Moores University). Dhankar, R. S., Chakladerb, B., Guptac, A. (2015). Implementing IFRS from the perspective of public sector banks in India. Hitz, J. M., Kaumanns, S., Lehmann, N. (2016). Identifying consequences of mandatory IFRS adoption: The role of selection effects. K?l?a, M., Uyarb, A. (2017). Adoption process of IFRS for SMEs in Turkey: Insights from academics and accountants. Accounting Management Information Systems/Contabilitate si Informatica de Gestiune, 16(2). Laswad, F., Redmayne, N. B. (2015). IPSAS or IFRS as the Framework for Public Sector Financial Reporting? New Zealand Preparers Perspectives. Australian Accounting Review, 25(2), 175-184. Samujh, H., Devi, S. S. (2015). Implementing IFRS for SMEs: Challenges for Developing Economies. International Journal of Management and Sustainability, 4(3), 39-59.

Different Parenting Styles

Introduction This paper seeks to undertake a research on different parenting styles and how they affect growth and development of adolescent children. The purpose of this research is to indicate aspects relating to parenting and their subsequent impact on behavior in adolescents.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Different Parenting Styles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Parenting is both an art and a science as it seeks to offer emotional and physical support to an infant from the onset of childhood until their maturity into adulthood. These infants are dependent on their parents until they reach a stage where they are self reliant and self sufficient (Harper, 2012). Parenting is a key aspect in the family life as it engages nurturing young child to be adults based on pre-determined norms and values. There is no particular formula for good parenting as it entails acquisition of a variety of skills rangin g from flexibility, perceptiveness, patience and high levels of personal discipline. These skills are vital to ensure that as an adolescent child undergoes behavioral changes, the parent is in a position to anticipate and control the adolescent’s behavior. Significance of the study The adolescent period of development refers to a stage that every human being has to undergo. However, adolescent children undergo a variety of developmental changes that require parents to understand their behavior to easily accommodate them. Some of the changes which the children go through revolve around emotional, biological, mental and social changes, which require them to adapt to changing situations. The purpose of this research is to enable parents understand how to apply the right kind of parenting style on children undergoing adolescence. It further seeks to highlight and discuss different parenting styles to facilitate smooth relationships between parents and their children during this p eriod of their lives. Literature Review The literature review highlights previous insights that have been advanced by scholars in the past relating to parenting. Parenting styles refer to approaches regarding childbearing based on aspects of control (degree of parental control) and responsiveness (often referred to as parental warmth). This section analyzes the major types of parenting styles and further looks into suggested styles that have been attributed to successful adolescent upbringing. Development in adolescent children is influenced by a variety of factors, mainly parenting (Rankin, 2005).Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Parenting Styles The major types of parenting styles include authoritative, authoritarian, permissive and uninvolved parenting. Different stages of child development demand for a style of parenting that is appropriate to that situation. Furthermore, different cultural and ethnic settings impact the kind of style applied by parents. More often than not, past experience (relating to how parents were raised) may negatively or positively impact how parents raise their adolescent children. Below is a discussion of the types of parenting. Authoritative parenting Authoritative parents generally exercise a level of parental warmth despite eliciting strictness. They encourage their children to become self reliant and independent. They are willing to engage in dialogue with their children to determine the best way forward for both parties. Despite allowing children to contribute to decision making, parents are clear on their boundaries and children understand that the overarching responsibility of discipline lies on their parents (Sigelman and Rider, 2011). Adolescent children from such families are socially empowered and are in a better decision to develop social relationships better. Furthermore they are more competent as they exercis e a level of independence and responsibility. Adolescent children from this style have the notion that their parents value their emotions. This makes authoritative parenting a democratic style of parenting (Sigelman and Rider, 2011). Authoritarian parenting Authoritarian parents demonstrate a lot of parental control, however their warmth towards their children is demanding. They invoke a feeling of ‘I am the boss’ around their children due to the fact that whatever they say goes and should not be discussed. They set their own standards and expect their children to strictly adhere to them without question or referral. This is however not the best style of parenting to be applied on adolescents as such children may end up being rebellious as they desire to be independent. The disadvantage of this style of parenting is that it over-estimates the value of discipline and forgets to highlight the importance of independence and self reliance, which is vital for maturity of an adolescent child (Bjorklund and Blasi, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Different Parenting Styles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Permissive parenting Permissive parents are passive; they are gullible to their adolescent children’s demands. They fear disappointing their children and end up saying yes to all their demands. They do not view themselves as major contributors towards decisions made by adolescent children. They sit back and allow nature to take its course. As a result, adolescents growing up in such settings are not used to disciplinary action and lack respect for rules and regulations. Adolescent children in such families have issues with exercising self control and are usually used to having their way. The result is depression and anxiety in the event that things do not work their way (Schaffer and Kipp, 2009). Uninvolved parenting This is one of the most unfortunate types of parenting. The word is simple, the parents are uninvolved. They make no contributions to decision making on matters that influence adolescent children’s lives. They basically have an ‘I do not care attitude’ that allows children to do whatever they want. They neither exercise any form of control nor display any kind of affection towards their children. In this case, parents do not spend quality time with their children and this negatively impacts children at the adolescent stage. Most parents involved in this style of parenting have misplaced priorities and are usually pre-occupied in other activities which they hold in high regard at the expense of their children. Some of the activities that such parents may be involved in include drug abuse, crime and addictions to alcohol. Adolescent children in this kind of setting end up being very reserved and have problems establishing social relations. Communication is also a challenge and they have impulsive behaviors ( Brooks, 2000). Previous research on parenting styles A proper balance between the degree of control and warmth (or responsiveness) should be established to raise a child properly. Different stages in child development call for the application of a different style of parenting. Among the listed parenting styles highlighted above, developmental psychologists have cited that the authoritative style of parenting is the best for raising adolescent children in a manner that ensures wholeness and desired positive development. This is due to the fact that such children end up understanding the importance of self reliance and are nurtured towards being independent.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Despite the adherence to standards and rules, such children understand the importance of these rules and the relevance of the same. They do not simply follow regulations blindly; rather, they understand the rationale behind existence of standards. However, psychologists have equally cited that an adolescent’s behavior may determine the kind of parenting style applied by parents. If the child is responsive, obedient and accommodative, parents are likely to exercise authoritative parenting. Irresponsible, de-motivated and uncooperative adolescents may end up having parents who are either uninvolved or authoritarian and usually have poor self esteem. As a result, they engage in drugs and are often suicidal (Mruk, 2006). Research questions and hypothesis Research questions are the guiding principles of the research. They seek to provide answers to objectives of the research. The research question to be employed in this study is: What is the impact of parental styles to adolescent behavior? The variables that are under study comprise of independent and dependent variables. The dependent variables are behavior, growth and development of an adolescent child. The independent variable is the parenting style applied. Null hypothesis Parental styles have no significant impact on adolescent behavior. Alternative hypothesis Parental styles have a significant impact on adolescent behavior. Research Method For this kind of research, a quantitative method will be applied and hypothesis used to test the validity of the research. The use of quantitative research supports the establishment of a relationship between one variable (independent) and another variable (dependent). It requires numerical analysis to understand underlying motives and provide objective evidence to describe patterns in elements comprising the population. Quantitative research supports inquiry into a specified problem and thereby goes on to use statistical techniques to provide meaning to the data co llected (Prunckun, 2010). Reasons for use of quantitative research The research will incorporate the use of quantitative research due to the fact that the research will be more objective and logical. The aim of this research is to develop generalizations to enable the researcher understand cause and effect including occurrence of phenomena. The method to be applied is experimental which will entail true experiments characterized by random assignment of population elements to different situations. This is because raising adolescents occurs in a variety of different environments hence the need to test each of the reactions based on the parenting style being applied. Research design A research design is a detailed plan of how the research will be conducted according to the nature of data required in order to investigate the research hypotheses or questions in an economic manner. The research design presents the determination and approach for the study. It entails defining the populatio n, sampling, procedures, measures, ethical protection of participants and tests of validity (Kothari, 2007). Population The population forms a group of people or objects which are similar in one or more ways and which form the subject of study. From the population, the sample will be selected. For the purposes of accuracy, speed, depth of information and costs involved, a sample will be drawn from the population residing in neighborhoods in Boston. Sampling Having identified the target population as families in Boston, inferences will be made from the findings that will equally be used as a reference to other enterprises. According to Kothari (2007), a sampling frame is the list of a group or a cluster which forms the basis of the sampling processes where a representative sample is drawn for the purpose of research. The sample frame defines the units from which the sample will be drawn. The sampling technique employed was random stratified sampling. In as the elements had a known ch ance of being selected for the purpose of research. Procedures This section highlights the treatments, conditions and interventions. For this particular research, the treatment will be the specific situations in which the group or elements under study are exposed to. In this case, the elements are in a family setting and observation expects to highlight day to day activities and how the respondents relate to each other. For this research, introducing a condition will imply putting the parent and child in a position where they are required to make a decision to demonstrate their level of control and demand. Introducing a need for decision making affects behavior and parenting style applied. Interventions are defined to assist in keeping the research back on track. In the event of issues like failure to communicate effectively, the intervention would be instrumental in encouraging the use of proper communication channels to facilitate interaction between the elements. This reiterates the importance of communication (Devore, 2006). Measures To measure degree of control, the research intends to use defined scales. The scale is designed in a manner that defines levels in terms of total or full control, medium control, minimal control or no control at all. This will be observed through decisions made, chores assigned and feedback given by adolescent children under study. This scale is specific to this particular study. Temperament levels among adolescents will be measured to examine how they react to situations when dealing with their parents. Validity of the research The validity of the research determines the extent of acquisition of accurate results. The questionnaires must be tested for reliability and validity on a small sample before being administered in the field. The questionnaire is tested for biasness and the leading questions are identified and eliminated or rephrased. The researcher should emphasize the purpose of the research to the respondents. Validi ty is equally raised on matters relating to sample size. The sample size must be representative to allow making of generalizations which are inclusive. If the sample is inappropriate, the results of the findings will be inaccurate. Role of the researcher The researcher will be actively involved in administration of the questionnaire. This is to facilitate clarifications in the event of ambiguous questions which the respondent is challenged. The questionnaire will be designed in a way that eliminates the possibility of leading questions, therefore bias will not occur. The role of the researcher will be to continuously answer queries and provide guidance to respondents in the event that they encounter challenges. The researcher must possess problem solving skills and have a good grasp of the knowledge area under study. The researcher should uphold objectivity and always rely on factual evidence to reach to conclusions. The researcher is responsible for providing the findings of the re search without concealing any information. Sample Size The sample size intended for the study is a total of 150 elements due to the fact that the sample needs to be sufficient and representative. This is due to the fact that the sample is homogenous in terms of age and practices hence making it all inclusive. The choice of this sample was influenced by restrictions on time and cost which negated the possibility of a larger sample. Sample and Context The sample will take into consideration certain characteristics of the population. The age of adolescent children being observed will be between the ages of 13 to 19. The genders to be examined include both male and female. Ethnic background will include American and Black American settings. Educational levels will incorporate all levels of education to facilitate an inclusive sample. Sampling Procedure The choice of sampling method implies that the division into strata was to be based on area of residence. To further advance this techni que, convenience sampling due to the advantage of human choice will be used. The research attempts to obtain a sample of convenient elements having determined their ethnic differences. The researcher will interact with the respondents based on house visits and observation of parental routines. Door to door visits in random neighborhoods will be conducted. Data type and Collection The method to be employed by this research to collect data from the samples is questionnaires and observation. Primary data will be collected using a structured questionnaire that will seek to answer questions on demographics. The reason for choosing the use of a questionnaire was due to the fact that it is cost effective. They are also easy to analyze in terms of data entry and tabulation despite its familiarity to most people. Furthermore, the researchers own opinions do not influence the respondents answers as there are no verbal and visual clues hence making them unbiased. The experiment will use the ob servation method. The reason behind choosing observation is due to the fact that the researcher has no influence on the behavior of the variables (Haslam and McGarty, 2003). Data Analysis The questionnaires will be analyzed together with the interviews to determine the variability of the data collected. Data will be analyzed and consolidated to analyze deviance among the variables. The information gained about the interdependencies can be used later to reduce the set of variables in a dataset. Data will be evaluated and represented by use of bar charts and pie charts to represent influences of parental styles on adolescent behavior. The data will be represented in the form of pie charts, graphs and tabulations showing ratios. The analyzed data will provide ratios that determine the validity of the null and alternative hypothesis. Observation of the elements will be undertaken by a research assistant and thereby provide summaries based on checklists which will be consolidated into gr aphs and charts to determine correlations between the dependent and the independent variables. Ethical protection of participants Parents and adolescents that form part of sampling elements under study may be unwilling to disclose information regarding their relations with their parents. One major consideration is to make the results of the findings known to these parents as well as make public the recommendations without bias and exposure of respondents. Respondents’ contributions should be treated in confidentiality. Furthermore, the purpose of the research should be revealed to the respondents. Respondents will be assured that the information they provide will be strictly used for the basis of research and not be provided to third parties. Lastly, the results of the findings must be communicated to the respondents appropriately and made public to interested stakeholders. References Bjorklund, D. F., Blasi, C. H (2011). Child and Adolescent Development: An Integrated Appro ach. California, USA: Cengage Learning. Brooks, J. (2000). Parenting. USA: Mc Graw-hill. Devore, D. M. (2006). Parent Child Relations: New Research. New York, USA: Nova Science Publishers. Harper, L. (2012). Parental Proverbs for Instructional Living. Xlibris Corporation. Haslam, A. S., McGarty, C. (2003).Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology. London: Sage Publications Ltd. Kothari, C. R. (2007). Research Methodology – Methods and Techniques. New Delhi, India: New Age International Publishers. Mruk, C. (2006). Self-Esteem, Research, Theory and Practice. New York, USA: Springer Publishing Company. Prunckun, H. (2010). Handbook of Scientific Methods of Inquiry for Intelligence Analysis. United Kingdom: Scarecrow Press, Inc. Rankin, J. N. (2005). Parenting Experts; Their Advice, the Research and Getting it Right. California. USA: Praeger Publishers. Schaffer, D. R., Kipp, K. (2009).Developmental Psychology: Childhood and Adolescence. California, USA: Cengage Learning. Sigelman, C.K., Rider, E.A. (2011). Life Span Human Development. California. USA: Cengage Learning. This research paper on Different Parenting Styles was written and submitted by user Allan Powers to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How Women Have Been Kept In Their Place †Theology Essay

How Women Have Been Kept In Their Place – Theology Essay Free Online Research Papers How Women Have Been Kept â€Å"In Their Place† Theology Essay Ever since Adam and Eve were expelled from Paradise, misogyny has been a central part of all cultures. It has been argued that men used this myth to become more powerful than women, and that they have come up with other reasons to remain on top. For example, male scientists have proved that men are superior, and the Church has condemned women for witchcraft and as being â€Å"lustful allies of the Devil who wean men from God† (Kitzinger, 1). There are many more ways in which the patriarchy has kept women â€Å"in their place,† many of them cruel and some even deadly. What I will show is that these methods could not be effective unless they were supported by religion. Since humanbeings has appeared on the surface of the world, they have to worship. This is a need. As a result, religion is old as the world. Religion is very important for people, so religious objects, prophets and holy places have a big importance who believe in them. Also, statements in the holy books are very valuable. In many holy books, there are statements that make men superior against women.For instance, according to a hadith, the Prophet Muhammad states that, as he stood at the at the gate of hell, he observed that, ‘Most of those who entered there were women.’Not only in Islam,but also in Christianity these kind of statements are accustomed. Martin Luther says that, ‘If they (women) become tired or even die, that does not matter. Let them die in childbirth, that’s why they are there.’As it seen, there are many harsh words against women . Woman is the one, who gives birth to a child. She also is the one who brings up her child with her magical emotions. They are sacred creatures. Nature gives them that power. Men, who are afraid of this power, always used religion . They want to control women. In order to control women, in many societies, women is still being tortured. In that kind of societies , men want women to sit ‘in their place’. They only want them to give birth to their children and men want women to serve themselves. They also use women for their needs. Whenever they want , men can have their meal ready. If they are angry men can use women to relieve themselves. In addition to these men can have sex whenever they want. When they are acting like this woman doesn’t have a value as a human and a mother. In many societies, in order to control women, there are many traditions. For instance, in India, women are wanted to commit sati after their husband’s death. Sati is a horrible tradition. According to this tradition, if a woman’s husband die, she have to throw herself into the fire. She has to do it without thinking now that, she is taught that she is living for her husband. After her husband dies, there is no reason for her to live. This tradition reveals that society sees woman as nothing without her husband. It is a clear proof of horrible applications are being done in order to control women. In Islamic cultures, people are more connected to religion. It can be seen clearly owing to the fact that, religious rules are being used in social life. It is predictable that in these cultures, there are many strict rules to control women. Also in that kind of societies, misogyny is a big trouble. Women and men are not equal. In these conservative societies, men are claiming that they are superior than women. They say these according to Islam. Every year many women is being killed on account of the fact that, they are being seen with a man, who is not their relative. It is a big offence. Women also has to wear special clothes that cover their body, except their eyes, from the head to the wrist. If a woman shows her face from the window she also be killed. These examples are very little near the other rules. Women is being killed because of ‘not sitting in their place’. Thousands of girls and women accros the globe (mostly in the middle East) are murdered in the name of family honor. Their male relatives kill them freely and they say that it is a ‘honor killing.’ It is more saddening that men who commit the murder go unpunished or receive reduced sentences. Women are taking many punishments all over the globe mostly in the conservative societies, whereas men can live freely. This is revealing many facts about controlling of the women. It is obvious that, women and men not have equal rights.In an article published Friday 27 August 2004 in the Germany-based internet newspaper Iran Emrooz, Dr. Hoseyn Baqer Zadeh, an Iranian human rights activist, observed that the laws of the Islamic Republic are the ‘most inhuman, segregationist, insulting and discriminatory’ against women.’While, according to Islam-based laws, a woman accused of adultery faces capital punishment, a man can have several wives and commits adultery wtihout punishment’, he observed. Dr. Hoseyn Baqer Zadeh’s statements, reveal the unequality more clear. Another dreadful tradition is the female circumcision. This tradition is widespread in Egypt and most of the Islamic countries. The operation is very painful. Also, there is a high probability of infection after circumcision. By this meaningless operation, women’s sex life is dead. The aim is to prevent premarital sex. This horrible tradition is the another evidence of men’s want of controlling women. Dr. Mawaheb Mouelhy, who has been fighting to stop ‘female genital mutilation’ states that, ‘Religion is not the number one reason.’ Despite this statement, some people think that, this tradition has a religious backround. This taught make it easy to use religion for controlling women. It is obvious that most of the terrorists has come from conservative societies. Misogyny is widespread in conservative cultures. Mohammed Atta, the terrorist involved in the September 11 crime against humanity, left behind a surprising will. He sternly warned against women being present at his funeral or at his grave at any later date. This want of Mohammed Atta reveals his misogynist culture more clearly. In misogynist cultures, women means devil. Imam Ibn al-Jawzi taught that female beauty was a manifestation of the devil himself. In his text ‘Dhamm alhawa’, he wrote that the ‘beauty of women is one of the poisoned arrows of the devil’. It is no wonder , therefore, why Islam teaches that hell is largely populated by women. In the roots of misogyny, there is a fear of men from women. Men are afraid of women to have a social life. To sum up,it is being tought that men are using the myth of Adam and Eve to be superior against women. They think that they have to prevent women to join social life. It is being argued that, men doesn’t want women because of the fear of losing their places on top. Men want women to stay at ‘their places’. They want to use them as machines, only for providing their needs and wants. To have what they want, men always used religion.Also,men are effected by religion. Religion have a big role in people’s life because of this men’s methods ,to be superior, has become more effective. It is clearly seen that, tortures to women, will go on till men give up the want of being superior. Religions will always exist. If men continue wanting to be on top, women will sit ‘in their places’ till the end of the time. It is all about men. Research Papers on How Women Have Been Kept â€Å"In Their Place† - Theology EssayThe Fifth HorsemanPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm X19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraResearch Process Part OneMind TravelRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and

Situational Analysis Report about Toyota in Australia Essay

Situational Analysis Report about Toyota in Australia - Essay Example This paper will focus on present information about the market situation, Toyota share in Australia market, target market, trends that bear on the company’s product line in future, and identify the (SWOT) strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats facing the company. Introduction In Australia, the head office for Toyota Motors Corporation is located in Melbourne where all the manufacturing activities are conducted. However, the marketing and sales are done in Sydney. The Australian branch deals with manufacture of vehicles such as Camry and Aurion. However, Toyota Australia is also concerned with importing other models, which include Corolla, Toraga, Kluger, HiAce, HiLux, LandCruser, Yaris, Torago, RAV4, and Prius. Additionally, Toyota Australia is concerned with selling of other brands such as Lexus. Toyota Australia is performing considerably well. It was the best vehicle exporter in 2008 when it exported 101,668 cars. Toyota Australia markets its vehicle to more than 20 countries located in different parts of the world. Market Situation Toyota Australia leads the automobile industry in Australia in manufacture of environmentally friendly vehicles. One of the greatest successes was success of hybrid technology, which was used in Prius. Currently, Toyota Prius, the most advanced hybrid system in the world is the most selling product for Toyota Australia. After the 2008 economic crisis, has been experiencing decreased sales in vehicle sales resulting in reduction in profits. However, Toyota Australia remains the best performing Automobile manufacturer in Australia. It has a market share of about 23.7%. However, the sales are expected to grow as the global economy recovers from the recession. After the recession, the Australian dollar weakened resulting in increased prices for all imported cars (Deloitte, 2012). Toyota Australia is the largest automobile exporter in Australia and mainly exports its vehicles to Middle East, Pacific Islands, and New Z ealand. However, Toyota Australia is facing grave competition in Middle East due to entry of automobile companies from China into this region. Although the market condition continues to become tougher, Toyota Australia is performing considerably well. The best performing car model include Corolla, Yaris, Corolla, and HiLux (IBM, 2011). Increase in the demand for car over the recent past has resulted in growth in market for Toyota Australia. Target market is the people working in the cities. The Toyota automobiles are affordable to people in middle and lower classes. However, Prius is quite expensive but being efficient in fuel use makes it favorable for different groups (IBM, 2011; Deloitte, 2012). Macro Environmental Situation Macro environment is the economic external market environment and the broad trends that may bear on product line (Woof, 2011). Increase in completion has obligated Toyota Australia to create more fuel-efficient cars, which emit fewer wastes hence environmenta lly friendly. This led to manufacture of Toyota Prius, which is considered the greenest car since it has reduced pollution and greenhouse effect. However, this model is facing competition from Honda Civic Hybrid and Ford Fusion Hybrid Car. The major competitors of Toyota Australia include Ford, GM, Mercedes, Volkswagen, BMW, and Honda (Mullins, Walker, & Harper, 2009; Silva, 2006), Politically, Australia is a democratic country. Australia is

International & Regional Financial Regulators Research Paper

International & Regional Financial Regulators - Research Paper Example 12). The operations are put at a level playing field which ensures that banking institutions contribute an equal amount of capital. It also ensures that some set of standards are complied to. Different countries and economies are affiliated to different regional central banks and international financial regulatory institutions. Some operate at a lower cost while some at a higher cost. Depositors prefer regulatory institutions which offer services at a lower cost as compared to the ones which offer services at a higher cost. It is also evident on this extract that regulatory bodies experience a cascading effect on their financial systems depending on their policies. It can be seen that the regulatory institutions with stringent policies have their market share eroded (Quintyn & Taylor 2004, pg. 6). Financial regulation is a form of supervision, monitoring, or offering of guidelines that subject financial institutions or any other financial elements within a financial system to restriction in order to maintain the integrity of the financial system. Governments and regional financial institutions regulate financial elements for safety. Financial safety protects the depositors and share holders of all financial institutions within a financial system. Financial safety prevents financial insolvency which might in turn lead to an economic, political, banking and a social crisis. International and regional financial regulation has its own pros and cons. Regional financial regulations impose restrictions to member financial elements which in turn force them to comply with the expected standards of performance in order to achieve the set objectives (Quintyn & Taylor 2004, pg. 26). These standards at times affect the member elements negatively or positively. For instance, a regional central bank might issue orders to the member elements to sell bonds to their account holders or shareholders in an effort to regulate a looming

Factors of Professionalism and Computer Professional Bodies

Factors of Professionalism and Computer Professional Bodies Contents Tutorial One3 Tutorial Two7 Tutorial Three..10 Tutorial ÂÂ   Four..13 Tutorial ÂÂ   Five..15 References.18 Week 1 Professionalism Group Discussion (a) There are many different definitions of a professional. Discuss in general terms what you think are the most important factors to being a profession. Rank the factors you have in order of importance. Consider why you feel some factors are more important than others. There is discussion about who is a professional. Some said professional is a one who is good in particular job or engaging in a given activity as a source of livelihood or as a career. The group members agreed the definition as follows, a skilled occupation, within an organised framework, having an accepted body of knowledge, structured training, requiring maintenance of skills, guided by a code of conduct A professional is a person who acquires formal certification from professional body based on his academic background or/and work experience and also whose capability could be judged against established standards. All the group members generally agreed that the most important factors to being a profession include high degree of knowledge, association with a professional body, adherence to the code of conduct, structured training, ethical behavior, trusted competence, and commitment to continuous development of a profession. Competence is the ability to identify the problem and solve it by utilising available resources. So it is the most important factor Academic background, academic will help the professional to learn the specialised knowledge of profession. The learnt knowledge may prove a helpful tool for a competent professional. Good communication skills help in dealing with clients, colleagues and superiors. A professional with good communication skills will be able to significantly do well. Reliability/Dependability is a factor of importance and may sometimes supersede other factors. Integrity of a professional drives him/her to follow the work ethics and code of conduct in principle. Self-evaluation and discipline is a factor that motivates the persons to achieve more and to improve the skills. (b) Differentiate between a professional and an expert. Does a professional need to be an expert? As adjectives, the difference between expert and professional is that expert is extraordinarily capable or knowledgeable while professional is of, pertaining to, or in accordance with the (usually high) standards of a profession. As nouns the difference between expert and professional is that expert is a person with extensive knowledge or ability in a given subject while professional is a person who belongs to a profession. A professional is not necessarily an expert. (c)ÂÂ   Is a computer person with a high level of knowledge and skill automatically considered to be a professional? No, cannot be considered as a professional unless he practices and gain experience and perform the activity as a source of livelihood or as a career. Individual Questions (a) The BCS definition of a professional and two other definitions. CompareÂÂ   the definitions, what do they have in common? The BCS considers a practitioner a professional, if one possesses (BCS Professional): Appropriate degrees. Skills and competency. Motivation for self-development (theoretically and practically). Respect for code of conduct. Two other definitions: Person formally certified by a professional body of belonging to a specific profession by virtue of having completed a required course of studies and/or practice. And whose competence can usually be measured against an established set of standards. a professional (of a job) has a high level of education and training. In common it says professional need education and practise. (b) The role of the BCS. The role of the BCS. IT Members representation. To establish relationships with industry and academia. To establish relationships with governments. To work for the betterment of entire human society. (c) An overview of other professional bodies that exist for the IT industry. The Association of Computer Professionals (ACP) is an international body started in 1984. Its key aim is to set and maintain ICT industry standards by providing an independent examination body for ICT professionals. The membership of the ACP is a mix of academic and business professionals within the field of computing. IACSIT is a registered international scientific association of distinguished scholars engaged in Computer Science and Information Technology. The IACSIT members include research and development center heads, faculty deans, department heads, professors, research scientists, engineers, scholars, experienced software development directors, managers and engineers, university postgraduate and undergraduate engineering and technology students, etc. The National Computing Centre (NCC) is an independent membership organization for IT professionals and is the single largest and most diverse corporate membership body in the UK IT sector. Socitm (Society of Information Technology Management) is the membership association for all ICT professionals working in local authorities and the public and third sectors, and suppliers to those sectors. Socitm provides a widely-respected forum for the promotion, use and development of ICT best practice. Set up in 2001, the UKWDA (UK Web Design Association) brings together more than 10,000 British web industry professionals under one supportive umbrella organization. Women in Technologystarted in 2005 with one goal in mind: to help women build successful and satisfying careers in the IT industry. Institute of Analyst and Programmers, The Institution is Britains leading professional organization for people who work in the development, installation and testing of business systems and computer software. The UK IT Association (UKITA) was established as the private sector organization responsible for the development of a credible and thriving IT industry across the United Kingdom. Week 2 Professional Bodiesand the BCS Group Discussion What do you think should be the main roles and purpose of the BCS? To make a better society Share and exchange IT expertise and knowledge Supporting professionals Setting standards and framework To build strong relationship with academia, industry, policy makers and governments to promote IT. What do you consider to be the benefits of becoming a BCS member? Professional development More training opportunities Networking Mentoring Employability Professional recognition in the IT domain Best support from peers through IT forums How do you think your employment opportunities benefit from joining the BCS? BCS provides a platform to communicate with Entrepreneurs, Departmental heads, CEOs etc. This networking helps in getting more employment opportunities. From the video clip it can be seen that role models are important in all professions. From a historical perspective, why are the following people important: Charles Babbage, Ada Lovelace, Alan Turing, Timothy John Berners-Lee, Bill Gates, Gordon More (of Mores law), Philip Don Estridge, Steve Jobs, John Von Neumann? Charles Babbage: Pioneer of programmable computer. Ada Lovelace: The first computer programmer. Alan Turing: Widely considered as the father of artificial intelligence. Timothy John Berners-Lee: The pioneer and inventor of WWW. Bill Gates: Co-founder of Microsoft. Gordon More: The Mores law predicts the technology advancement in computing industry Philip Don Estridge: Father of IBM PC. Steve Jobs: Chairman and CEO of Apple Inc. John Von Neumann: The originator and pioneer of linear programming, self-replicating machines, stochastic computing. Discuss three other current role models within the computer (IT) industry, state why they are considered as role models. Today almost all web page use jQuery. jQuery is the most popular JavaScript library in use today, with installation on 65% of the top 10 million highest-trafficked sites on the Web.John Resig is an American software engineer and entrepreneur, best known as the creator and lead developer of the jQuery JavaScript library.ÂÂ   At the very young age created jQuery and with the noble thought he made as open source. To me he is great role model for his hard work and better example in adding value to the society. Dennis MacAlistair Ritchie (September 9, 1941 c. October 12, 2011) was an American computer scientist.He created the C programming language and, with long-time colleague Ken Thompson, the Unix operating system. He is a legend whose inventions are significant to the modern computing. He added value to the society by contributing to the society. Mark Elliot Zuckerberg: Co-founder of Facebook. To create revolution in the social media world. Individual Questions Find two other professional bodies (not BCS) and compare the aims and mission statements of each. Socitm (Society of Information Technology Management) is the membership association for all ICT professionals working in local authorities and the public and third sectors, and suppliers to those sectors. Socitm provides a widely-respected forum for the promotion, use and development of ICT best practice. The National Computing Centre (NCC) is an independent membership organization for IT professionals and is the single largest and most diverse corporate membership body in the UK IT sector. Comparison Most of the aim and mission of the above two are similar . SOCITM delivers Professional development, Peer support, Policy influence, Research improvement NCC delivers a continuum of services including; independent and impartial advice and support, best practice and standards, personal and professional development, managed service delivery, awareness raising and experience sharing. What do you think is common to all profession bodies? Are some more important than others can you priorities? All professional bodies focus on: Gain new skills, competences, experiences and receive credible recognition. Network, collaborate and share practice with peers, suppliers and national programmes. Representing members at appropriate national and regional bodies. Research to enable the organisation in contributing to more effective and efficient public services. In order to establish priority among the professional bodies it is important to consider its global acceptance and credibility. In my opinion ACM and IEEE based professional bodies may be considered as more important. Week 3 Code of Conduct and Digital Identity Group Discussion Do you feel that it is necessary for all professional bodies to have a code of conduct? Yes, I do feel that it is necessary for all professional bodies to have a code of conduct; because it will serve as a guide for individuals as well as organizations. Adherence to the code of conduct will ensure to collaborate, share best practice, access industry-recognized training, and find the very best work. Is there an argument for all professional bodies to have the same code of conduct? For easy understanding and easy accessible same code of conduct can be developed and implemented. So, it will be easily for working across the globe. However, it is possible to have various separate clauses to support certain interest groups depending on the nature of business. What penalties should be included within a code of conduct? Discuss a range of offences and possible penalties Code of conduct should clearly state minor as well as major penalties. For instance, minor penalty can be imposed on misuse of resources; and a warning letter would be sufficient. However, major penalty such as termination from services should be imposed in case of physical violence and bullying etc. Also, restriction to certain benefits and privileges based on poor work ethics may encourage a professional to improve his/her attitude toward the work. State the type/name of Social Media you use and provide details of the type of information you make available. I use social media to connect with friends, search jobs, latest trends and to keep updates with current affairs. Facebook To connect with friends, relatives, current etc. Even now it is used as a platform to sell things. As a computer student, I explore Facebook as I can to know the feature as it is considered as a powerful tool. From election campaign to product launch started using Facebook. I have given my basic details and made details visible only to close circle. Linkedin -HR people uses LinkedIn to recruit people so I have an account. I have provided my education details and skill set available to all to improve my employability. Twitter To follow the trends and get updates. Does the content you post remain private or is it public?ÂÂ   Do you make conscious decisions between private and public posts? Mostly I share useful blogs and posts which doesnt hurt others so I share publicly. However, service provider has access to my posts even if they are private. Personally, I feel that once you have uploaded something it is already in public domain. Can you recall any of the terms of the agreement to the social media site(s) you are using? Is there a case that the terms of agreement should be written in an easy to understand language? No, I couldnt recall any rules. It will be great if rules are made available in other languages too. Provide an argument for keeping social and professional media separately. This will help us in separating private and professional identities as well as lives of other people. Usually professional media such as linkedin.com is accessed by people with mature attitude towards the uploaded contents. Normally social media space is swarmed by internet trolls and people with non-serious attitude toward personal stuff of other people. I would recommend for keeping the social and professional media separate. Provide some guidelines on how to use Social Media wisely? Use account from secure access (HTTPS). Do not access from public systems. Make sure you log out / sign out after access. Set security and privacy up to an appropriate level. Do not post sensitive information. The lecture slides provided a summary only of the BCS code of conduct, read in detail using the link provided in the lecture, the full BCS code of conduct. Summarise the code of conduct of TWO other professional bodies do not use the codes of conduct covered in the lecture/tutorial. The code of conduct of ACM focuses on positive contribution towards human society.ÂÂ   Moreover, honesty and truthfulness are considered as key attributes of members. Finally, respecting the privacy of others is considered as a must trait for any member. Similarly, no discrimination should be made among members based on their ethnicity is the corner stone of IITPs code of conduct. Furthermore, the code also stresses upon integrity, honesty and dignity in its members. Finally, continuous professional development is also an important aspect of this code. Compare and contrast the BCS code of conduct to (a) above. Commonalities: professionalism, dignity, honest, truthfulness and positive contribution towards human society. Contrast: BCS does not tolerate any kind of fraud and bankruptcy as well it does not allow any kind of conflict of interest. Comment on the theme running through each of the Codes of Conduct Following are the main themes of the code of conduct: Discourage discrimination. Positive contribution. Professionalism. Promoting education and reliable practices. Provide an overview of THREE networking sites that may be used for either social and/or professional networking. (i) Facebook online social media and social networking service based in Menlo Park, California, United States. (ii) Google+: Google+ is an interest-based social network that is owned and operated by Google. (iii)Linkedin: A networking site for educational, business and professional purposes (Linkedin) What are the advantages/disadvantage and possible dangers of using a digital presence? Advantages: Networking and marketing, global reach, following the trend. Disadvantages: Privacy breach, data loss/ corruption and may expose to false message. Week 4 Ethics Group Discussion (a) Are the 10 commandments in computer ethics still relevant today? Do they need to be updated? Eg. Is cyber bulling or grooming covered within the rules? The Ten Commandments are mostly relevant today and should be implemented in true letter and spirit (Virginia Tech). However, some scholars think that they are simplistic and restrictive therefore, they can be updated to handle contemporary and future issues. (i)What are Sallys legal responsibilities? Sallys legal responsibilities are professionalism and honesty. (ii) Does Sally have any legal protection? She should have legal protection by law. In case of any grievances employees usually have access to complaint office or other services that support and guide the grieved employee for the best of his/her interest. (iii) Analyse the Case study in terms of the Golden Rule and Utility Principle. Golden rule demands truthfulness and honesty; therefore, Sally should tell the client the real situation. Since untruthfulness and dishonesty may harm large number of humans; therefore, utility principle also demands that Sally should show the exact picture to the client as well as her boss. Sally should have avoided this situation by informing her boss in advance of the current situation. (iv)ÂÂ   Would your analysis of the ethics of this case change if Sally had been present during her bosss conversation with the client, but had not been asked to agree with his assurances? Golden rule and utility principle demand that Sally should communicate right information to the client and specially the boss. (v) What if the client had asked Sally a question, the honest answer to which would contradict her boss? Honesty and truthfulness are key attributes of a professional. On a human perspective, it is also important that her boss should not feel contradicted in front of the client. But it can be tackled with effective communication like Sally telling a suggesting her views that she doesnt the conversation. (vi) Would your analysis of the ethics of this case change if the software was for stock management rather than the control of machinery, with no threat to human safety? Golden rule and utility principle are not sympathy or application specific. Individual Question Jane downloads a copy of an e-book from an illegal file sharing web site. Analyse the situation in terms of the Golden Rule and Utility Principle from both Janes and the authors point of view. This act of Jane is illegitimate contradicting both the Golden rule and Utility Principle. What conclusions can be drawn? Proper actions should be taken against these illegal websites. The education of Golden rule and utility principle should be more propagated. What sort of difficulties are there in applying the Golden rule and the Utility principle? Selfishness and lack of education are two main barriers in applying the Golden rule and Utility Principle. Week 5 Legal Issues Group Discussion As a professional, to what extent do you feel that you should you be aware of the legal issues surrounding IT? A professional should have theoretical as well some practical knowledge of: Software law, software patents, the Internet, data and security (professional legal ethics). Also to secure Intellectual Property (IP) for clients, an IT professional should be well informed on legal obligations and rights in digital world. Create a list of possible holders of data who may be storing your personal data. Do you have a problem with large organisations selling your data? In todays society, should we have such a thing as personal data (exception banking and medical)? Email service providers. Social and professional networking sites. Google cloud storage systems. Search engines. Bank. Mobile Application providers like play store, iTunes etc. Practically, personal data is taken by almost all the applications when we need to use their facilities. They are received by sign up or register form. Discuss the differences between Shareware, Freeware and open source software. Freeware: The software that is available free-of-cost. Shareware: Some utilities of the software are free-of-cost and others are not. Open source software: Source code is available for reusability and modification purposes. As a first thought, identify and discuss some of the legal issues/problems surrounding cloud computing. Reliable data availability should be provided at all time. Data should be well protected and secured. No data loss or corruption. Availability of data should be insured at all locations. Easy and instant access A professional software developer, working for a software house, has been contracted to developing a software package that involves accessing a companys data base. Who does the software belong to: the contractor, the software house or the company? Explain your answer. The software will belong to the contractor because the contractor has initiated the project and will be bearing all the subsequent costs. Also, the contractor would be legally eligible to sell the software to any third party. Who owns the intellectual property rights of the software: the contractor, the software house or the company? Explain your answer. The intellectual property rights may be owned by the software house solely or jointly with the contractor as laid out in the agreement. What if there is a problem with the software and the database is corrupted, who is responsible? Under the event of any software malfunction the software house will stand responsible. It is the responsibility of the software house to ensure the secure and smooth operation of their product and the contractor pays for this service. Discuss: the term hacking; is there ever a case for Hacking? Is hacking always illegal? Google Hack anonymous Hacking is involved in all forms and types of communications. Phone hackers used to make free phone calls and listen to other people talking on the phone. With the internet hacking has a very wide and large playing field. For IT industry hacking is serious issue and it has caused significant losses to many big corporate e.g. Sony, Microsoft and Intel etc. In simple words any activity that involves unauthorized access or falsely impersonating is termed as hacking. In recent times there are several hacking incidents for example US Korea standoff over the hacking reports of Sony Entertainment and governmental information leaks by Anonymous. The term hacking is normally misunderstood; it is not illegal all the time. For instance, police can do hacking to extract information from dubious computers for the safety and security of common people. Summarise the legal issues associated with developing and hosting a web site. Copyright concerns Domain name concerns Trademark concerns Defamation Linking and framing Summarise the details of the Data Protection Act. The Data Protection Act 1998 provides a framework as well as a benchmark that ensures security of individuals personal data. The misuse or illegal access to someones personal data falls under direct breach of civil liberties. Also it is the responsibility of the company to provide safe and secure data access. Data handling should be under the framework of peoples data protection rights. References http://www.directoryoftheprofessions.co.uk/sites-professions-IT-comp.html http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/professional.html https://www.socitm.net/ http://iacsit.org/ http://www.ncc.co.uk/national-computing-centre/ https://www.iabuk.net/about http://www.bitlaw.com/internet/webpage.html http://wikidiff.com/professional/expert http://www.bcs.org/ http://www.sqa.org.uk/e-learning/ITLaw02CD/page_18.htm