Different Parenting Styles

Introduction This paper seeks to undertake a research on different parenting styles and how they affect growth and development of adolescent children. The purpose of this research is to indicate aspects relating to parenting and their subsequent impact on behavior in adolescents.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Different Parenting Styles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Parenting is both an art and a science as it seeks to offer emotional and physical support to an infant from the onset of childhood until their maturity into adulthood. These infants are dependent on their parents until they reach a stage where they are self reliant and self sufficient (Harper, 2012). Parenting is a key aspect in the family life as it engages nurturing young child to be adults based on pre-determined norms and values. There is no particular formula for good parenting as it entails acquisition of a variety of skills rangin g from flexibility, perceptiveness, patience and high levels of personal discipline. These skills are vital to ensure that as an adolescent child undergoes behavioral changes, the parent is in a position to anticipate and control the adolescent’s behavior. Significance of the study The adolescent period of development refers to a stage that every human being has to undergo. However, adolescent children undergo a variety of developmental changes that require parents to understand their behavior to easily accommodate them. Some of the changes which the children go through revolve around emotional, biological, mental and social changes, which require them to adapt to changing situations. The purpose of this research is to enable parents understand how to apply the right kind of parenting style on children undergoing adolescence. It further seeks to highlight and discuss different parenting styles to facilitate smooth relationships between parents and their children during this p eriod of their lives. Literature Review The literature review highlights previous insights that have been advanced by scholars in the past relating to parenting. Parenting styles refer to approaches regarding childbearing based on aspects of control (degree of parental control) and responsiveness (often referred to as parental warmth). This section analyzes the major types of parenting styles and further looks into suggested styles that have been attributed to successful adolescent upbringing. Development in adolescent children is influenced by a variety of factors, mainly parenting (Rankin, 2005).Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Parenting Styles The major types of parenting styles include authoritative, authoritarian, permissive and uninvolved parenting. Different stages of child development demand for a style of parenting that is appropriate to that situation. Furthermore, different cultural and ethnic settings impact the kind of style applied by parents. More often than not, past experience (relating to how parents were raised) may negatively or positively impact how parents raise their adolescent children. Below is a discussion of the types of parenting. Authoritative parenting Authoritative parents generally exercise a level of parental warmth despite eliciting strictness. They encourage their children to become self reliant and independent. They are willing to engage in dialogue with their children to determine the best way forward for both parties. Despite allowing children to contribute to decision making, parents are clear on their boundaries and children understand that the overarching responsibility of discipline lies on their parents (Sigelman and Rider, 2011). Adolescent children from such families are socially empowered and are in a better decision to develop social relationships better. Furthermore they are more competent as they exercis e a level of independence and responsibility. Adolescent children from this style have the notion that their parents value their emotions. This makes authoritative parenting a democratic style of parenting (Sigelman and Rider, 2011). Authoritarian parenting Authoritarian parents demonstrate a lot of parental control, however their warmth towards their children is demanding. They invoke a feeling of ‘I am the boss’ around their children due to the fact that whatever they say goes and should not be discussed. They set their own standards and expect their children to strictly adhere to them without question or referral. This is however not the best style of parenting to be applied on adolescents as such children may end up being rebellious as they desire to be independent. The disadvantage of this style of parenting is that it over-estimates the value of discipline and forgets to highlight the importance of independence and self reliance, which is vital for maturity of an adolescent child (Bjorklund and Blasi, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Different Parenting Styles specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Permissive parenting Permissive parents are passive; they are gullible to their adolescent children’s demands. They fear disappointing their children and end up saying yes to all their demands. They do not view themselves as major contributors towards decisions made by adolescent children. They sit back and allow nature to take its course. As a result, adolescents growing up in such settings are not used to disciplinary action and lack respect for rules and regulations. Adolescent children in such families have issues with exercising self control and are usually used to having their way. The result is depression and anxiety in the event that things do not work their way (Schaffer and Kipp, 2009). Uninvolved parenting This is one of the most unfortunate types of parenting. The word is simple, the parents are uninvolved. They make no contributions to decision making on matters that influence adolescent children’s lives. They basically have an ‘I do not care attitude’ that allows children to do whatever they want. They neither exercise any form of control nor display any kind of affection towards their children. In this case, parents do not spend quality time with their children and this negatively impacts children at the adolescent stage. Most parents involved in this style of parenting have misplaced priorities and are usually pre-occupied in other activities which they hold in high regard at the expense of their children. Some of the activities that such parents may be involved in include drug abuse, crime and addictions to alcohol. Adolescent children in this kind of setting end up being very reserved and have problems establishing social relations. Communication is also a challenge and they have impulsive behaviors ( Brooks, 2000). Previous research on parenting styles A proper balance between the degree of control and warmth (or responsiveness) should be established to raise a child properly. Different stages in child development call for the application of a different style of parenting. Among the listed parenting styles highlighted above, developmental psychologists have cited that the authoritative style of parenting is the best for raising adolescent children in a manner that ensures wholeness and desired positive development. This is due to the fact that such children end up understanding the importance of self reliance and are nurtured towards being independent.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Despite the adherence to standards and rules, such children understand the importance of these rules and the relevance of the same. They do not simply follow regulations blindly; rather, they understand the rationale behind existence of standards. However, psychologists have equally cited that an adolescent’s behavior may determine the kind of parenting style applied by parents. If the child is responsive, obedient and accommodative, parents are likely to exercise authoritative parenting. Irresponsible, de-motivated and uncooperative adolescents may end up having parents who are either uninvolved or authoritarian and usually have poor self esteem. As a result, they engage in drugs and are often suicidal (Mruk, 2006). Research questions and hypothesis Research questions are the guiding principles of the research. They seek to provide answers to objectives of the research. The research question to be employed in this study is: What is the impact of parental styles to adolescent behavior? The variables that are under study comprise of independent and dependent variables. The dependent variables are behavior, growth and development of an adolescent child. The independent variable is the parenting style applied. Null hypothesis Parental styles have no significant impact on adolescent behavior. Alternative hypothesis Parental styles have a significant impact on adolescent behavior. Research Method For this kind of research, a quantitative method will be applied and hypothesis used to test the validity of the research. The use of quantitative research supports the establishment of a relationship between one variable (independent) and another variable (dependent). It requires numerical analysis to understand underlying motives and provide objective evidence to describe patterns in elements comprising the population. Quantitative research supports inquiry into a specified problem and thereby goes on to use statistical techniques to provide meaning to the data co llected (Prunckun, 2010). Reasons for use of quantitative research The research will incorporate the use of quantitative research due to the fact that the research will be more objective and logical. The aim of this research is to develop generalizations to enable the researcher understand cause and effect including occurrence of phenomena. The method to be applied is experimental which will entail true experiments characterized by random assignment of population elements to different situations. This is because raising adolescents occurs in a variety of different environments hence the need to test each of the reactions based on the parenting style being applied. Research design A research design is a detailed plan of how the research will be conducted according to the nature of data required in order to investigate the research hypotheses or questions in an economic manner. The research design presents the determination and approach for the study. It entails defining the populatio n, sampling, procedures, measures, ethical protection of participants and tests of validity (Kothari, 2007). Population The population forms a group of people or objects which are similar in one or more ways and which form the subject of study. From the population, the sample will be selected. For the purposes of accuracy, speed, depth of information and costs involved, a sample will be drawn from the population residing in neighborhoods in Boston. Sampling Having identified the target population as families in Boston, inferences will be made from the findings that will equally be used as a reference to other enterprises. According to Kothari (2007), a sampling frame is the list of a group or a cluster which forms the basis of the sampling processes where a representative sample is drawn for the purpose of research. The sample frame defines the units from which the sample will be drawn. The sampling technique employed was random stratified sampling. In as the elements had a known ch ance of being selected for the purpose of research. Procedures This section highlights the treatments, conditions and interventions. For this particular research, the treatment will be the specific situations in which the group or elements under study are exposed to. In this case, the elements are in a family setting and observation expects to highlight day to day activities and how the respondents relate to each other. For this research, introducing a condition will imply putting the parent and child in a position where they are required to make a decision to demonstrate their level of control and demand. Introducing a need for decision making affects behavior and parenting style applied. Interventions are defined to assist in keeping the research back on track. In the event of issues like failure to communicate effectively, the intervention would be instrumental in encouraging the use of proper communication channels to facilitate interaction between the elements. This reiterates the importance of communication (Devore, 2006). Measures To measure degree of control, the research intends to use defined scales. The scale is designed in a manner that defines levels in terms of total or full control, medium control, minimal control or no control at all. This will be observed through decisions made, chores assigned and feedback given by adolescent children under study. This scale is specific to this particular study. Temperament levels among adolescents will be measured to examine how they react to situations when dealing with their parents. Validity of the research The validity of the research determines the extent of acquisition of accurate results. The questionnaires must be tested for reliability and validity on a small sample before being administered in the field. The questionnaire is tested for biasness and the leading questions are identified and eliminated or rephrased. The researcher should emphasize the purpose of the research to the respondents. Validi ty is equally raised on matters relating to sample size. The sample size must be representative to allow making of generalizations which are inclusive. If the sample is inappropriate, the results of the findings will be inaccurate. Role of the researcher The researcher will be actively involved in administration of the questionnaire. This is to facilitate clarifications in the event of ambiguous questions which the respondent is challenged. The questionnaire will be designed in a way that eliminates the possibility of leading questions, therefore bias will not occur. The role of the researcher will be to continuously answer queries and provide guidance to respondents in the event that they encounter challenges. The researcher must possess problem solving skills and have a good grasp of the knowledge area under study. The researcher should uphold objectivity and always rely on factual evidence to reach to conclusions. The researcher is responsible for providing the findings of the re search without concealing any information. Sample Size The sample size intended for the study is a total of 150 elements due to the fact that the sample needs to be sufficient and representative. This is due to the fact that the sample is homogenous in terms of age and practices hence making it all inclusive. The choice of this sample was influenced by restrictions on time and cost which negated the possibility of a larger sample. Sample and Context The sample will take into consideration certain characteristics of the population. The age of adolescent children being observed will be between the ages of 13 to 19. The genders to be examined include both male and female. Ethnic background will include American and Black American settings. Educational levels will incorporate all levels of education to facilitate an inclusive sample. Sampling Procedure The choice of sampling method implies that the division into strata was to be based on area of residence. To further advance this techni que, convenience sampling due to the advantage of human choice will be used. The research attempts to obtain a sample of convenient elements having determined their ethnic differences. The researcher will interact with the respondents based on house visits and observation of parental routines. Door to door visits in random neighborhoods will be conducted. Data type and Collection The method to be employed by this research to collect data from the samples is questionnaires and observation. Primary data will be collected using a structured questionnaire that will seek to answer questions on demographics. The reason for choosing the use of a questionnaire was due to the fact that it is cost effective. They are also easy to analyze in terms of data entry and tabulation despite its familiarity to most people. Furthermore, the researchers own opinions do not influence the respondents answers as there are no verbal and visual clues hence making them unbiased. The experiment will use the ob servation method. The reason behind choosing observation is due to the fact that the researcher has no influence on the behavior of the variables (Haslam and McGarty, 2003). Data Analysis The questionnaires will be analyzed together with the interviews to determine the variability of the data collected. Data will be analyzed and consolidated to analyze deviance among the variables. The information gained about the interdependencies can be used later to reduce the set of variables in a dataset. Data will be evaluated and represented by use of bar charts and pie charts to represent influences of parental styles on adolescent behavior. The data will be represented in the form of pie charts, graphs and tabulations showing ratios. The analyzed data will provide ratios that determine the validity of the null and alternative hypothesis. Observation of the elements will be undertaken by a research assistant and thereby provide summaries based on checklists which will be consolidated into gr aphs and charts to determine correlations between the dependent and the independent variables. Ethical protection of participants Parents and adolescents that form part of sampling elements under study may be unwilling to disclose information regarding their relations with their parents. One major consideration is to make the results of the findings known to these parents as well as make public the recommendations without bias and exposure of respondents. Respondents’ contributions should be treated in confidentiality. Furthermore, the purpose of the research should be revealed to the respondents. Respondents will be assured that the information they provide will be strictly used for the basis of research and not be provided to third parties. Lastly, the results of the findings must be communicated to the respondents appropriately and made public to interested stakeholders. References Bjorklund, D. F., Blasi, C. H (2011). Child and Adolescent Development: An Integrated Appro ach. California, USA: Cengage Learning. Brooks, J. (2000). Parenting. USA: Mc Graw-hill. Devore, D. M. (2006). Parent Child Relations: New Research. New York, USA: Nova Science Publishers. Harper, L. (2012). Parental Proverbs for Instructional Living. Xlibris Corporation. Haslam, A. S., McGarty, C. (2003).Research Methods and Statistics in Psychology. London: Sage Publications Ltd. Kothari, C. R. (2007). Research Methodology – Methods and Techniques. New Delhi, India: New Age International Publishers. Mruk, C. (2006). Self-Esteem, Research, Theory and Practice. New York, USA: Springer Publishing Company. Prunckun, H. (2010). Handbook of Scientific Methods of Inquiry for Intelligence Analysis. United Kingdom: Scarecrow Press, Inc. Rankin, J. N. (2005). Parenting Experts; Their Advice, the Research and Getting it Right. California. USA: Praeger Publishers. Schaffer, D. R., Kipp, K. (2009).Developmental Psychology: Childhood and Adolescence. California, USA: Cengage Learning. Sigelman, C.K., Rider, E.A. (2011). Life Span Human Development. California. USA: Cengage Learning. This research paper on Different Parenting Styles was written and submitted by user Allan Powers to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How Women Have Been Kept In Their Place †Theology Essay

How Women Have Been Kept In Their Place – Theology Essay Free Online Research Papers How Women Have Been Kept â€Å"In Their Place† Theology Essay Ever since Adam and Eve were expelled from Paradise, misogyny has been a central part of all cultures. It has been argued that men used this myth to become more powerful than women, and that they have come up with other reasons to remain on top. For example, male scientists have proved that men are superior, and the Church has condemned women for witchcraft and as being â€Å"lustful allies of the Devil who wean men from God† (Kitzinger, 1). There are many more ways in which the patriarchy has kept women â€Å"in their place,† many of them cruel and some even deadly. What I will show is that these methods could not be effective unless they were supported by religion. Since humanbeings has appeared on the surface of the world, they have to worship. This is a need. As a result, religion is old as the world. Religion is very important for people, so religious objects, prophets and holy places have a big importance who believe in them. Also, statements in the holy books are very valuable. In many holy books, there are statements that make men superior against women.For instance, according to a hadith, the Prophet Muhammad states that, as he stood at the at the gate of hell, he observed that, ‘Most of those who entered there were women.’Not only in Islam,but also in Christianity these kind of statements are accustomed. Martin Luther says that, ‘If they (women) become tired or even die, that does not matter. Let them die in childbirth, that’s why they are there.’As it seen, there are many harsh words against women . Woman is the one, who gives birth to a child. She also is the one who brings up her child with her magical emotions. They are sacred creatures. Nature gives them that power. Men, who are afraid of this power, always used religion . They want to control women. In order to control women, in many societies, women is still being tortured. In that kind of societies , men want women to sit ‘in their place’. They only want them to give birth to their children and men want women to serve themselves. They also use women for their needs. Whenever they want , men can have their meal ready. If they are angry men can use women to relieve themselves. In addition to these men can have sex whenever they want. When they are acting like this woman doesn’t have a value as a human and a mother. In many societies, in order to control women, there are many traditions. For instance, in India, women are wanted to commit sati after their husband’s death. Sati is a horrible tradition. According to this tradition, if a woman’s husband die, she have to throw herself into the fire. She has to do it without thinking now that, she is taught that she is living for her husband. After her husband dies, there is no reason for her to live. This tradition reveals that society sees woman as nothing without her husband. It is a clear proof of horrible applications are being done in order to control women. In Islamic cultures, people are more connected to religion. It can be seen clearly owing to the fact that, religious rules are being used in social life. It is predictable that in these cultures, there are many strict rules to control women. Also in that kind of societies, misogyny is a big trouble. Women and men are not equal. In these conservative societies, men are claiming that they are superior than women. They say these according to Islam. Every year many women is being killed on account of the fact that, they are being seen with a man, who is not their relative. It is a big offence. Women also has to wear special clothes that cover their body, except their eyes, from the head to the wrist. If a woman shows her face from the window she also be killed. These examples are very little near the other rules. Women is being killed because of ‘not sitting in their place’. Thousands of girls and women accros the globe (mostly in the middle East) are murdered in the name of family honor. Their male relatives kill them freely and they say that it is a ‘honor killing.’ It is more saddening that men who commit the murder go unpunished or receive reduced sentences. Women are taking many punishments all over the globe mostly in the conservative societies, whereas men can live freely. This is revealing many facts about controlling of the women. It is obvious that, women and men not have equal rights.In an article published Friday 27 August 2004 in the Germany-based internet newspaper Iran Emrooz, Dr. Hoseyn Baqer Zadeh, an Iranian human rights activist, observed that the laws of the Islamic Republic are the ‘most inhuman, segregationist, insulting and discriminatory’ against women.’While, according to Islam-based laws, a woman accused of adultery faces capital punishment, a man can have several wives and commits adultery wtihout punishment’, he observed. Dr. Hoseyn Baqer Zadeh’s statements, reveal the unequality more clear. Another dreadful tradition is the female circumcision. This tradition is widespread in Egypt and most of the Islamic countries. The operation is very painful. Also, there is a high probability of infection after circumcision. By this meaningless operation, women’s sex life is dead. The aim is to prevent premarital sex. This horrible tradition is the another evidence of men’s want of controlling women. Dr. Mawaheb Mouelhy, who has been fighting to stop ‘female genital mutilation’ states that, ‘Religion is not the number one reason.’ Despite this statement, some people think that, this tradition has a religious backround. This taught make it easy to use religion for controlling women. It is obvious that most of the terrorists has come from conservative societies. Misogyny is widespread in conservative cultures. Mohammed Atta, the terrorist involved in the September 11 crime against humanity, left behind a surprising will. He sternly warned against women being present at his funeral or at his grave at any later date. This want of Mohammed Atta reveals his misogynist culture more clearly. In misogynist cultures, women means devil. Imam Ibn al-Jawzi taught that female beauty was a manifestation of the devil himself. In his text ‘Dhamm alhawa’, he wrote that the ‘beauty of women is one of the poisoned arrows of the devil’. It is no wonder , therefore, why Islam teaches that hell is largely populated by women. In the roots of misogyny, there is a fear of men from women. Men are afraid of women to have a social life. To sum up,it is being tought that men are using the myth of Adam and Eve to be superior against women. They think that they have to prevent women to join social life. It is being argued that, men doesn’t want women because of the fear of losing their places on top. Men want women to stay at ‘their places’. They want to use them as machines, only for providing their needs and wants. To have what they want, men always used religion.Also,men are effected by religion. Religion have a big role in people’s life because of this men’s methods ,to be superior, has become more effective. It is clearly seen that, tortures to women, will go on till men give up the want of being superior. Religions will always exist. 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